Image Description: Arnstein's Ladder of Citizen Participation
Arnstein's Ladder of Participation
| Levels of Participation | Ranks of Citizen Control |
|---|
| Citizen Control |
Degrees of Citizen Power |
| Delegated Power |
| Partnership |
| Placation |
Degrees of Tokenism |
| Consultation |
| Informing |
| Therapy |
Non-participation |
| Manipulation |
Source: Adapted from Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A Ladder of Citizen participation, Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35:4, 216-224, DOI: http://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080/01944366908977225